Working with MusicBrainz Name Data

Since leaving my job last October I’ve been working on various personal projects for fun and learning. One of those is a music player¹ written entirely in Rust, including a web-based frontend using Seed, which is an Elm-like frontend framework in Rust. I’d like to write some other posts about that as well, but today let’s talk about artist names, specifically how these are represented in the MusicBrainz data.

I have a lot of Japanese music², and one of the main reasons I don’t like any of the music players I’ve tried so far³ is their handling of non-Latin script names and titles. More specifically, most players only allow one name (plus a sortable name if you’re lucky). I find this annoying because what I’d really like to see in many cases is a Latin transcription or English translation instead of the original. For reference, a transcription is a phonetic representation of a name.

I prefer to see a transcribed name like “Ryokushaka” instead of “緑黄 色社会”. I also prefer the transcription over the translation, “Green Yellow Society”. But it’s nice to be able to see the Japanese name as well, especially if I’m trying to search the web for information about the artist or search YouTube for videos.

So what I really want is a tool that can handle multiple canonical values for each name or title, specifically the name according to the artist as well as optional transcribed and translated names for non-Latin names. And each of those canonical names also needs a sortable version (at least for artists), so “The Beatles” sorts as “B”, not “T”.

In order to accomplish this, I need to get more data than my MP3 files have. The best data source I’ve found is the MusicBrainz project, which is a fantastic open source/open data project for collecting information about all recorded music, or in their words, “MusicBrainz is an open music encyclopedia that collects music metadata and makes it available to the public.” It’s a lot like Wikipedia in that anyone can make an account and contribute edits. It’s also a lot like Wikipedia in that the quality and correctness of entries varies wildly.

MusicBrainz (MB) allows for artists, releases (albums), and tracks to have many different names/titles. I will focus on artists for now, since artists have the most complex name data. An artist has a primary name, an optional sortable name, and zero or more aliases. Each alias has a name, an optional sortable name, an optional locale, a boolean indicating whether its the primary alias for a locale, and a type. Artists may also appear with different names in artist credits, either of their own albums or others, like compilation albums or as guest artists on someone else’s album.

The possible alias types are “Artist name”, “Legal name”, and “Search hint”. An “Artist name” is another version of the name they perform under. A “Legal name” alias is used to record the name for people who perform under an alias, like Madonna or Lady Gaga. I’m just filtering these out, since they’re not interesting for my purposes. A “Search hint” can be a common misspelling of their name, a fan nickname, or anything else that helps the search engine be smarter.

To make things a little more complex, MB has a policy of having the primary sortable name always be in Latin script, even if the primary name is not.

Let’s use Kenichi Asai⁴ as an example. For reference, his personal name (aka “first name”) is “Kenichi” and his family name (aka “last name”) is “Asai”. In English we’d typically write “Kenichi Asai”, but you might also see “Asai Kenichi”, because Japanese usage always put the family name first. Sometimes you’ll also see “ASAI Kenichi” to denote that “Asai” is the family name.

Here are all of his names in the MB data:

| The sortable name here is the Kanji (Chinese characters) written entirely in Hiragana⁵ in order to make the pronunciation clear. | 浅井 健一 | あさい けんいち | ja | Artist name | | This one differs from the previous one by having a space between the family and personal names, which is not how Japanese is typically written. | | Asai Ken’ichi | | | Search hint | | An alternate Latin transcription of his personal name. There are many different Romanization systems for Japanese. | | Benzie | ベンジー | | Artist name | | A nickname of his, which as far as I can tell is not used for any music credits, so this should probably be a Search hint instead | | Artist credits | | Asai Kenichi | | Kenichi Asai | | Santana feat. Kenichi Asai | | 浅井健一 |

Wow, that’s a lot names! But we can see that there’s a number of duplicates.

So the question is how to take that list and boil it down to the following elements:

• The “real” name, by which I mean the name the artist typically uses in their home locale.
• A sortable version of that real name if it differs from the real name.
• A transcribed name if the real name is not in Latin script.
• A translated name if the real name is not in Latin script and the real name is not a personal name. In other words, it doesn’t make sense to “translate” 浅井健一 (Kenichi Asai), which is a personal name. But it does make sense to translate a band name, for example translating 緑黄色社 会 into “Green Yellow Society”.

The answer, of course, is to use a whole bunch of heuristics, because this is impossible to get 100% right, especially since the source data can be incorrect and incomplete. There’s not a lot of consistency in how people end up inputting non-Latin names, and I’m pretty sure the artist credit of “Asai Kenichi” is just wrong and the correct credit is either “浅井健一” or “Kenichi Asai”.

So here’s the algorithm I have so far …

First, we need a way to figure out if a name is in Latin script or not. A name is Latin (for my purposes) if it matches this regex: \A[\p{Latin}&\P{L}]+\z. The \p{Latin} matches any Unicode character marked as being part of the Latin script⁶. This includes ASCII letters, but also things like “ą”, “Ň”, etc. The \P{L} matches any character that is not a letter, including numbers, emoji, etc. These two matches are combined together into a single character set. This is a pretty good heuristic and will get it right for pretty much anything that an English reader can pronounce (or reasonably mangle), including names like “Björk” or “Sigur Rós”, while not matching things we can’t pronounce, like “緑黄色社会” or “Чайковский” (Tchaikovsky).

The only place this goes wrong is names that include non-Latin characters for emoticons like “(┛◉Д◉)┛彡┻━┻”. While it does include a Cyrillic character, “Д”, and a Chinese radical, “彡”, it is not in a foreign language and doesn’t need to be transcribed or translated (though it’s also completely unpronounceable). Looking at the MB data, this is a thing. There’s an artist named “（´・д・）ﾉ” in the database. I’m not sure how you’d pronounce this. Treating this as non-Latin is fine. If the artist has an alternate alias that’s speakable, then it’d be good to have that, and if they don’t, that’s okay.

I start by pulling all the possible names from the MB data and categorizing them into three types:

• The Primary name, which is the name attached to the artist record, as opposed to aliases.
• Aliases which aren’t search hints. Names used in artist credits are also put in this category.
• Search hints.

I have a special case for the fact that MB uses Latin script sortable names for non-Latin names. In some cases the only instance of a Latin name is as the primary sortable name. In that case, I add that sortable name to my list of names as an alias. To make things trickier, this sortable name may be something like “Asai, Kenichi”, so I transform it back to “Kenichi Asai” if it contains “, " (a comma followed by a space)⁷.

Once I have all these names I have to figure out the best primary name and sortable name, transcribed name and sortable name, and translated name and sortable name. Of these, only the primary name is required. Everything else is optional.

I should only have one primary name. If this name is Latin, I use that along with the corresponding primary sortable name. If the primary name is not Latin but its sortable name is Latin, then I use the name but not the sortable name.

It’s very important to take the primary name as given by the MB data. Originally I tried preferring non-Latin names, but that doesn’t work at all. There are lots of Japanese bands whose canonical names are in English, like the pillows and The Back Horn. While these bands do have Japanese aliases, their correct name is in English. There’s also even weirder cases like a band named moools, which is not exactly in English but is still always written in Latin script.

If the primary name is not Latin, then I look at the remaining names to try to figure out whether there are transcribed and/or translated names that can be used.

To do that I first filter out all the names that match the primary name and sortable name, as well as any names not in Latin script. Then I go through whatever’s left and split each name into words. For each word, I look up the word in a dictionary (right now a copy of /usr/share/dict/words) and count how many words in the name are in our dictionary⁸.

If there’s only one name, then if it contains any known words it’s a translation, otherwise it’s a transcription.

If we have multiple possible names to choose from, I use the known word counts to (attempt to) distinguish a transcription from a translation. A name with more known words from the dictionary is more likely to be a translation. So if we have many possibilities, the one with the most known words is a translation, and everything else is a transcription. This part of the algorithm works well for band names.

As an illustration of how this works, let’s take one of my favorite bands, 東京事変. Their name translates to “Tokyo Incidents”, and the transcription is “Tokyo Jihen”. Because “Tokyo” and “Incidents” are both in the word list, the algorithm picks “Tokyo Incidents” as the translation, with two known words, and “Tokyo Jihen” as the transcription, with just one known word.

This works less well for person names, since in that case I really don’t want to pick a translated name at all. There will be cases where a person’s name transcription ends up containing an english word, a Chinese name that transcribes as “Hui Ping”. A future revision will probably want to look at whether it’s dealing with a person or entity.

This gives me a list of possible transcriptions and translations, each of which is a name plus an optional sortable name. To pick the best one from each, I sort each list. If the name came from an alias for the en locale, I prefer that. If multiple names came from that locale, I tiebreak by looking at whether one was marked as the primary alias for that locale. If that doesn’t work, I prefer names that also have sortable names. And if there are still ties, I sort by string length and then just sort the names, in order to ensure that the algorithm picks the same name every time given the same inputs.

Everything that isn’t picked is stored as a search hint, so I don’t have to remember the name the system chose for an artist.

Phew, that’s a lot!

I really enjoy working on this sort of problem, where we have messy data and have to find a best path through to get the results we want.

But I originally started working on this (weeks ago) to do a quick version of the data importer so I could whip up a quick backend so I could get back to where I started, which was the frontend. I had put the frontend on hold because I felt like I needed more real data to work with in order to make more progress on the frontend. Now my importer is capable of importing my entire music collection, so it’s time to whip up that backend and get back to the UI work.